Dinamika Urbanisasi dan Pola Kemiskinan Kota Serta Implikasi Pencegahan
Keywords:
urbanization, urban poverty, slum formation, informal sector, spatial concentration, gender vulnerability, housing policyAbstract
Urbanization in developing countries transforms poverty patterns from predominantly rural to increasingly urban with distinct characteristics. Urban poverty concentrates in slum settlements, exhibits dynamic entry and exit patterns, and relates to high living costs plus limited basic service access. Housing market pressures from rapid rural urban migration outpace formal housing supply, forcing migrants into informal settlements. Labor market changes expand informal employment where workers lack legal protection, job security, and social insurance. Spatial concentration of poverty in specific city neighborhoods reduces interclass interaction and limits poor children's mobility. Health patterns shift creating double burden of infectious diseases from crowded unsanitary conditions plus non communicable diseases from lifestyle changes. Conventional poverty measurements underestimate urban poverty because rural oriented methods ignore higher urban living costs and surveys miss slum populations. Female migrants face higher vulnerability through lower wages, unpaid reproductive work, and gender based violence risks. Slum upgrading in situ with water, sanitation, and tenure security proves more effective than forced evictions which merely displace poverty elsewhere. Participatory approaches engaging poor communities in planning improve program effectiveness and sustainability. Urban poverty reduction requires affordable housing, mass public transport, social protection for informal workers, and gender sensitive interventions. Policy implications differ fundamentally from rural poverty strategies.
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